An Application Programming Interface is a defined way for software components to communicate with each other. In browsers, APIs allow JavaScript to interact with features like the page, network requests, timers, and user input in controlled ways.

The box model is the layout system browsers use to represent every element on a web page as a rectangular box. Each box consists of content, padding, border, and margin, which together determine size, spacing, and positioning.

A web browser is a software application used to request, retrieve, and display content from the internet. It interprets HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, manages network connections, and turns data received from servers into the visual pages you see on screen.

A Content Delivery Network is a globally distributed system of servers that cache and deliver content from locations close to users. CDNs reduce latency, improve reliability, and reduce load on central servers.

A Central Processing Unit is the primary component of a computer that executes instructions, performs calculations, and coordinates the work of software and hardware. It is responsible for scheduling tasks, handling logic, and driving almost all computation in a system.

Cascading Style Sheets is a language used to describe the visual presentation of HTML documents. It controls layout, colors, fonts, spacing, and responsiveness, allowing content and design to be defined separately.

Cryptocurrency is a form of digital money that uses cryptography to secure transactions and control the creation of new units. Instead of relying on a central authority like a bank, cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks, typically built on blockchain technology.

A cryptocurrency wallet is software or hardware that stores the cryptographic keys needed to access and manage digital assets. It does not hold the currency itself, but instead provides proof of ownership and the ability to send and receive funds on a blockchain.

A Distributed Denial of Service attack attempts to overwhelm a server or network with traffic from multiple sources simultaneously. DDoS attacks aim to make services unavailable to legitimate users by exhausting resources like bandwidth, CPU, or memory.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network management protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration details to devices when they join a network. It allows devices to communicate without requiring manual setup for each connection.

Domain Name System translates human-readable domain names like example.com into numerical IP addresses that computers use to locate each other on the network. It functions like a directory service, allowing browsers to find the correct server for a given name.

A data center is a physical facility that houses servers, networking equipment, power systems, and cooling infrastructure. Data centers run the applications and services that respond to requests from browsers and other clients around the world.

An edge server is a server located at the edge of a network, geographically close to end users. Edge servers cache and deliver content locally to reduce latency and improve performance, often as part of a CDN infrastructure.

Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data in multiple layers of protocol information as it moves through a network. Each layer adds its own headers, allowing different systems to handle routing, reliability, and delivery without needing to understand the entire message.

Ethereum is a blockchain platform designed to run decentralized applications and smart contracts in addition to transferring value. Its native cryptocurrency, Ether, is used to pay for computation and transaction fees on the network.

HyperText Markup Language is the standard markup language used to structure content on the web. It defines elements like text, images, links, and forms, providing the basic skeleton of a web page.

HyperText Transfer Protocol is the application-layer protocol used by browsers and servers to request and deliver web content. It defines how messages are formatted, transmitted, and responded to across the internet.

Internet Protocol defines how data packets are addressed, routed, and delivered across networks. It provides the fundamental rules that allow devices on different networks to communicate with one another.

An Internet Protocol address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to a device on a network. It identifies both the device itself and its location, enabling data to be sent to the correct destination.

An Internet Service Provider is a company that provides access to the internet and routes customer traffic into larger regional and global networks. It acts as the bridge between home or business networks and the broader internet.

JavaScript is a programming language used to add behavior, logic, and interactivity to web pages. It allows pages to respond to user input, update content dynamically, communicate with servers, and run complex applications directly inside the browser.

A JavaScript engine is the component of a browser that parses, compiles, and executes JavaScript code. It converts human-readable source code into instructions the CPU can execute, managing memory and performance to keep applications responsive.

A load balancer is a system that distributes incoming network requests across multiple servers. It improves performance and reliability by preventing any single server from becoming overloaded or failing alone.

Network Address Translation is a technique used by routers to map multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address. It allows many devices on a local network to share one external internet connection while limiting direct inbound access.

An Operating System is the core software layer that manages hardware resources and provides services to applications. It schedules processes, manages memory, controls storage, and mediates access to network and device hardware.

A packet is a small unit of data used to transmit information across a network. Large messages are broken into many packets, each sent independently and reassembled at the destination, allowing networks to route traffic efficiently and recover from errors.

Random Access Memory is fast, temporary storage used by a computer to hold data and instructions that are actively being processed. Its contents are volatile, meaning they are lost when the system powers off.

Rendering is the process by which a browser converts HTML, CSS, and JavaScript into visual output. It involves calculating layout, applying styles, and painting pixels to the screen so users can see and interact with content.

A rendering engine is the part of a browser responsible for layout, styling, and drawing content on the screen. It takes structured documents and style rules and determines how every element appears visually.

A router is a network device that forwards data packets between networks based on their destination IP addresses. Routers examine packet headers and make independent decisions about where to send traffic next, forming the backbone of the internet.

A sandbox is a security boundary that restricts what code is allowed to access and modify. In browsers, sandboxing limits JavaScript so it cannot directly access the operating system, files, or memory, helping keep users safe.

Transmission Control Protocol is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures data is delivered accurately and in the correct order. It does this by establishing a connection, tracking packets, retransmitting lost data, and managing flow control between devices.

TCP/IP is the combined protocol suite that defines how data is packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received across the internet. Together, these protocols form the foundation of modern network communication.

Transport Layer Security is a cryptographic protocol that encrypts data in transit between clients and servers. It protects communications from eavesdropping, tampering, and impersonation over untrusted networks.

User Datagram Protocol is a connectionless protocol that sends data without guaranteeing delivery, order, or error correction. It prioritizes speed and low latency, making it useful for applications like video streaming, gaming, and voice calls.

The V8 JavaScript engine is a high-performance engine developed by Google to execute JavaScript code. It compiles JavaScript directly into machine code, enabling fast execution in web browsers and server environments like Node.js.

A Virtual IP is an IP address that is not tied to a specific physical network interface or machine. VIPs are used in load balancing and failover scenarios, allowing traffic to be directed to multiple servers while appearing to come from a single address.

Wireless Fidelity is a technology that allows devices to connect to a local network wirelessly using radio signals. It replaces physical cables with short-range wireless communication while still relying on underlying internet protocols like IP, TCP, and UDP.